NREGA IN BIKANER DISTRICT

CONTRIBUTION OF NAREGA IN BIKANER
BRIG (RETD) D S DHILLON

Introduction
1. Bikaner district has a combination of Indira Gandhi canal net work with the age old dunes. The subsoil water in some areas is not potable. The deep bore tube wells have enabled cultivation of wheat in some areas . The road network is good. Yet, most villages are linked by gravel tracks. 

2. NAREGA programs are oriented towards the following:-

(a) Water storage for drinking and agriculture

(b) Digging of Taals ( Ponds) to store water in the rainy season

( c) Constructing village tracks of local gravel. 

3. Total number of households that have registered themselves to be covered under NAREGA is 254750. The fund allocation for the year 2008-09 was Rs 36439.55 Lakhs. Considering that all households were covered till March 2009 , each household at an average was able to earn approximately Rs 14000/- from the scheme.

Organisation and the system of Implementation

4. The Deputy Commissioner of Bikaner is the Chief executive Officer of the scheme in the District. The fund allocation from the central government is based on the budget estimate and the list of works recommended. The Bikaner district was covered under NAREGA from April 2008. Earlier it was covered under the SGRY scheme which was based on resources allotted by the Center.

5. At the district level the Deputy Commissioner implements the scheme through the DRDA ( District Rural Development Authority). The Deputy Commissioner is referred to as the District Program Coordinator.

6. Bikaner has four blocks i.e. Bikaner, Dhungarhgarh, Kolayat, Lunkransar and Nokha. Each Block has a Program Officer who is hired on a contractual basis on a monthly salary of about Rs 10,000/-. At the village level the NAREGA program has Rozgar Sahayak also on contract with a salary of Rs 2500/-. In addition approximately two/ three data operators are employed at the Block level for data entry.

7. Broad Band connectivity is available at the Block level for storage and sharing of information that can be accessed on the internet. You can get details of financial allocation, utilization; the works being progressed and those that have been completed; list of households registered under NAREGA. The data base is well structured.

Implementation

8. The funds are available to various gram Panchayats. They can either implement the works by themselves, assign them to PWD, irrigation department, health, forest or other governmental agencies. As contractual work is not permitted, other agencies are not keen to take up projects/works under NAREGA. Most works are executed by the Panchayats under suitable assistance from the engineering staff hired under NAREGA at the Block/ district level. Payment to workers is based on measurement of the work done. These measurements are mostly based on a group of five men/ women working as a group.

9. Job card holders who desire to work give an application to the Sarpanch who has the works duly approved by the Program officer at the Block. Most works start on monthly basis. Those who apply for work must be given work within 15 days. Otherwise they have to be given unemployment allowance which is approximately 50 % of the daily wages which is Rs 100/-.

Water and Irrigation related 

10. Water storage tanks for drinking water, agriculture are constructed. Raito of material cost and labour is to remain within 40 for construction and 60 % for labour.

      

Open and undergroud water tanks in the fields. Desilting of open water tank is in progress

11. Indira Gandhi canal water is being taken to the fields. Where the water has reached the crop yield is excellent. Shifting sand dunes create a problem. Therefore, NAREGA labour has been dovetailed with irrigation/border area development schemes to mash labour with material cost. Thereby, enabling labour cost to be the main component of NAREGA financial commitment.

                                                                                         

A covered water channel feeding water from the canal

Track Connectivity- and PMGSY (Prime Minister Gramin Sarak Yojna)

12. Numerous tracks are being constructed under NAREGA, Some of these tracks will later enable the Prime Minister’s Road Construction projects to be implemented and provide tarmac roads.

Problem areas for NAREGA in Bikaner

13. The problem areas will be covered in follow up article

National Rural Employment Guarantee Act

Rural Development in India

By

Brig (retd) D S Dhillon

(Armoured Corps)

                                                                                                                                                                       

On retirement from the army in June 2000 I have been active in various activities in the civil to earn money for having adequate financial resources to meet the day to day requirements as also participate in social activities that enable me to be an active member of society.

I was fortunate to have been selected as a National level Monitor (NLM) by the Ministry of Rural development in 2004 to visit rural areas and provide feed back about the schemes undertaken by the Central Govt.

Sampooran Grameen Rozgar Yojna (SGRY) - This scheme has now been closed. NREGA has now been made applicable in all districts of India with effect from April 2008. The NREGA on enactment in Sep 2005 was first made applicable to only a few districts in 2006. Thereafter, in 2007 additional districts were added. Now, it is applicable to complete rural areas of India.

Summary of guidelines as contained in the Act are as below. Each state has formulated its own Schemes for implementation based on the NREGA act, 2005. Each state was given one year from 06 March 2007 to have their schemes formulated.

“National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA)

The wage employment program implemented in the past by Government of India have been aiming at generating incomes for rural poor during lean periods and have been protecting the vulnerable sections from the distress of acute poverty.

In order to reinforce the commitment towards livelihood security in rural areas, the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) was enacted in September 2005.

Objectives - NREGA

Aims at enhancing the livelihood security of the people in rural areas by guaranteeing 100 days of wage employment in a financial year, to a rural household whose members volunteer to do unskilled manual work.

- The objective of the Act is to create durable assets and strengthen the livelihood resource base of the rural poor.

NREGA was launched in 200 selected districts on 2nd Feb. 2006 in Phase I and was extended to 130 more districts in 2007-08 in Phase II. It was extended to the remaining 285 districts from 1st April, 2008 onwards in Phase III.

The focus of the Act is on works relating to soil & water conservation, drought proofing, land development, flood protection, rural connectivity etc.

The choice of works suggested in the Act, addresses causes of chronic poverty like drought, ground water depletion, deforestation, soil erosion, so that the process of employment generation is on a sustainable basis and productivity of land also improves.

Main Features - NREGA

- Adult members of a rural household may apply for a job card if they are willing to do unskilled manual work.

- Such a household will have to apply for registration to the local Gram Panchayat, in writing, or orally.

- The Gram Panchayat after due verification will issue a Job Card to the household as a whole.

- Job card-holding household(s) may submit a written application for employment to the gram Panchayat.

- Employment will be given within 15 days of application for work by an employment seeker.

- At least one-third of persons to whom work is allotted work, have to be women.

- Wages are to be paid according to minimum wages as prescribed under the Minimum Wages Act 1948 for agricultural labourers in the State, unless the Centre notifies a wage rate which will not be less than Rs 60/ per day.

- Disbursement of wages has to be done on weekly basis and not beyond a fortnight.

- Panchayati Raj Institutions [PRIs] have a principal role in planning and implementation.

Under the programme the workers are also entitled to have medical treatment (including hospitalization) at government cost for injury while working, ex-gratia payment to the legal heirs of the deceased or permanently disabled workers by accident arising out of and in the course of employment, facilities such as safe drinking water, shade for children, first aid box and crèche facility for children below 6 years of age of the female workers.”

 In Feb / March 2009 I visited the districts of Bikaner and Dhaulpur. I will share my experience in next write up.

Summary – NREGA is applicable to BPL and non BPL families. There is no age, religion or sex bias. If you belong to a village have yourself registered under NREGA. Spend 100 days in your village, work in a collective manner and earn daily wages. The program has not only given financial resources to the gram Panchayats but provided them the incentive to create assets with a lasting utility.
Payments are made by the Panchayat.

The DRDA staff has 3% fund resources for administrative infrastructure and hiring technical/administrative staff.

For full text of the NREGA click here

CROP SETTING

CROP SETTING

FACTORS AFFECTING

During the period 15 to 20 March, the growth period starts. The fruit and leaf buds start swelling and then burst to grow, the leaf buds earlier than fruit buds. The following takes place in 3 stages. The lower then the middle and finally the top portion of the tree gets the leaf and fruit buds. The pattern of flowering gives an indication of the crop. If the flowers dominate the leaves then a good/bumper crop can be expected. And a thin crop if the leaves are more prominent than the flowers.The flowering process continues for about a fortnight. Mid April is the peak time. The crop setting mainly depends upon favourable season and temperature. In case a cold wave starts followed (generally) by hail storm and clear nights, the fruit setting will be affect adversely. Similarly, if there is high temperature and drought during flowering period, the fruit setting will be adversely affected. Favourable weather/temperature plays the key role in crop setting. Pruning and proper manuring too play an important role in crop setting. Also if the previous year it was a bumper crop then the fruit setting in the current year is likely to be thin.The following practices can help improve the fruit setting:1. To fight cold wave, the smoke by burning small heaps of grass evenly spread in the orchard helps in reducing the adverse effects of low temperature.2. Spraying TSO during end February or first week April, in high altitudes, will delay the flowering by about a week may take you past the cold wave. But, this may adversely affect in case there is drought during delayed flowering.3. Application of CAN (1 Kilogram per plant) during July or immediately after fruit plucking, ie, during September generally results in normal crop each year except for the extreme weather conditions. This is due to the fact that the fruit buds become strong/healthy for fruit production the following year.4. Grass mulching of the tree basin (taulia) during winter is also helpful in fighting the cold wave/high temperature effect during crop setting.5. Avoiding heavy crop by crop thinning in case of heavy crop setting also results in getting normal crop each year.6. During the lean crop year which the orchadist knows by alternate Cropping theory, the application of hormones in green bud burst stage and pink bud stage helps in more fruit setting, It is also suggested that such spray is not suggested during normal good crop year according to alternate cropping theory.7. Application of Nitrogen in small quantities (500 grams per plant) or Urea spray before crop setting may also result in good crop setting.8. Raising wind breaks around the orchard can help in fruit setting by reducing the cold winds/wave effect to some extent.9. During drought period irrigation can be helpful as it will provide humidity for favourable fruit setting. However, it may be mentioned here that the author experimented by irrigating 3 – 4 trees heavily when they were in full bloom during extreme dry weather ad the result was no crop at all.10. Avoid over manuring as it results in more vegetation and less fruit. It has been observed that heavy crop is seen in less manured orchards in case weather is favourable during the flowering period.11. Full control over Scab, Woolly Aphid, Powdery Mildew, root rot, Scale, Canker .... by proper treatment /sprays, will also result in getting good crop each year.12. Use of anti hailing nets is very helpful in saving the flowers during crop setting and further protecting the set fruit from hail. Now the HP government has decided to install anti hail guns in areas prone to hail storms. This will go a long way. 13. Planting of cold wave/drought resistant varieties can also be helpful in giving fruit production each year.14. Thrips Control for good crop setting is another important item. When the weather is cold, as is the result of late snow fall during winter, there are practically no thrips or much less as can be seen in flowers but in dry weather there are plenty. So, at the green/pink bud stage insecticide material at the rate of 100 – 200 grams per 200 liters is very favourable for good crop setting. This spray should not be applied in flowering stage as this is extremely harmful to the bees and butterflies.15. Bees, Insects and Butterflies do a lot of good work towards cross pollination of the flowers and thus help good crop setting. In orchards surrounded by forests, this work is done by wild bees and insects. In orchards away from the forests, house bees art a good crop each year. Insecticide sprays are to be avoided during the flowering period. 16. Pollinators. There should be a reasonably good proportion of pollinating trees in the orchard. Golden Delicious, Red Gold, Worcester Pearman, Rome Beauty are the used pollinating plants in Himachal Pradesh. Early flowering and late flowering varieties should be planted. It has been observed that during lean crop year or adverse weather effect year, there is good crop on trees adjacent to or surrounded by pollinators. For more information click here.17. Effect of Pruning on Crop Setting. It is not necessary that heavy pruning will result in good crop setting. Observation reveals that there is more fruit set in unpruned plants than in pruned ones during thin year. The effect of cutting back, however, does occur in the terminal buds. Heavy pruning in general reduces the crop but increases the size and quality of the fruit. Alternate year heavy cutting is advised by dividing the orchard in two parts to keep the balance of fruit production. It is also observed that regular normal pruning with heading back of branches – long laterals results in fruit setting every year if the trees are properly manured and the weather is favourable.